Survival models using EHR data predicted progression from NPDR or DME to PDR in type 2 diabetes patients. Key risk factors for progression included age, race, NPDR severity, and diabetic nephropathy.

The application of Cox proportional hazards (CoxPH) models to survival data and the derivation of hazard ratio (HR) are well established. Although nonlinear, tree-based machine learning (ML) models ...