Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive method used to monitor changes in hemoglobin concentration and oxygen levels in the body. This technique involves passing near-infrared light, ...

A German research team has developed a nondestructive, on-site method to quantify water ingress in photovoltaic modules using near-infrared absorption (NIRA) spectroscopy calibrated with Karl–Fischer ...

Bio-monitoring refers to tracking changes in biological molecules or reactions over time. When using miniaturized flow systems, the ability to monitor concentrations within microchannels is essential ...

Vibrational spectroscopy uses visible and infrared light to reveal molecular-level details, enabling high-quality material ...

“Plasma” refers to a gas with a significant proportion of ionized molecules, which produce various excited ions, atoms, and molecules. Electrons liberated from ions and atoms are highly energetic and ...