Temperature-responsive polymers, notably poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its derivatives, have emerged as versatile materials in chromatography, enabling dynamic modulation of surface properties in ...

Scanning electron microscope image of an engineered living material created by diffusion of live cyanobacteria cells (green) into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), a temperature-responsive polymer.

Early smart materials were typically amorphous polymers, hydrogels, or liquid crystalline systems with randomly distributed responsive groups, which limited response speed, energy efficiency, and the ...